Identification
Morphological Characteristics:
This species is large, with adults ranging from 400-700 mm in length. The body is nearly rectangular and elongated. The dorsal surface is slightly arched and covered with numerous large, conical, orange-red papillae, the bases of some of which are fused, forming clusters that resemble elongated pineapples. The ventral surface is slightly flattened and covered with irregularly arranged tube feet. The skin is thick and tough, exhibiting a light brown color with dark brown speckles and transverse curved stripes on the dorsal surface when alive.
Biology and Ecology
Life Cycle and Habitat:
This species is dioecious (has separate sexes). Reproduction occurs during the warm water season (April-July), with reproductive dormancy during the colder months until the water warms again. Absolute fecundity (number of eggs) ranges from 2 to 7 million. The species feeds on organic detritus and other organisms captured while moving, using tentacles. They typically inhabit sandy-muddy bottoms or coral reef edges at depths of 7-12 meters.
Distribution
Geographic Range:
- In Vietnam: Khánh Hòa, Bình Thuận, Trường Sa, Thổ Chu.
- Worldwide: East India, West and South Pacific Ocean.
Value
Significance:
This species is valuable for scientific research and the study of benthic (bottom-dwelling) animals in sandy and coral reef environments.
Conservation Status
Current Status:
Prior to 1990, this species was occasionally harvested by fishermen in the coastal areas of Central Vietnam and some islands, with an estimated distribution area of approximately 5000 km². However, due to overexploitation, the population has become depleted.
IUCN Red List Status: VU A2d B2b,e+3d
Conservation Measures
Recommended Actions:
The species is included in the Vietnam Red Data Book (1992 & 2000). Recommendations include: reducing the intensity of harvesting, restricting harvesting to mature individuals and after the breeding season, limiting coastal construction that destroys habitat and causes environmental pollution, and conducting research on artificial reproduction to replenish the natural population.